# Conditional Statements

Conditional statements are one of the first logical flows you will learn. They're fundamental in almost every programming language, and allow you to execute different **blocks** of code based on different **conditions** being satisfied. Hence they're called "conditional statements".

The syntax of a conditional statement in Python is as follows:

```python
if something:
    do something cool
```

Changes in indentation (like on **line 2**) signify the start and end of the **block** of code to be executed.

Changes in indentation (like on **line 2**) signify the start and end of the **block** of code to be executed.

```python
hour = int(input("Enter the hour: "))

if hour <= 12:
    print("Good morning!")
if (hour >= 12):
    print("Good afternoon!")
```

This program takes an integer from the user, and outputs "Good morning!" or "Good afternoon!" based on the integer value. It makes use of the **`int()`** function to force the conversion of the user's input into the **integer** data type, so that it can be processed as such.

But, what if both conditions are met in the above program, such as with an input of **12**? Well, both **blocks** will be executed! How do we ensure only the first satisfied block is executed? Using the **`elif`** statement:

```python
if hour <= 12:
    print("Good morning!")
elif (hour > 12 and hour <= 18):
    print("Good afternoon!")
elif (hour > 18):
    print("Good evening!")
```

Here, not only have we ensured only one **block** will ever be executed, but we've made use of several **`elif`** statements to also include an output for "Good evening!".

{% hint style="info" %}
There is no limit as to how many consecutive **`if`** or **`elif`** statements you can use.
{% endhint %}

This is great, but what if we want to inform the user they're entering wrong data if they input a value outside of the range **0-23**. We could adjust the conditions, but why not use the added **`else`** statement?

```python
hour = int(input("Enter the hour: "))

if (hour >= 0 and hour <= 12):
    print("Good morning!")
elif (hour > 12 and hour <= 18):
    print("Good afternoon!")
elif (hour > 18 and hour <= 23):
    print("Good evening!")
else:
    print("Please enter an integer in range 0-23!")
```

Now the program will output "Please enter an integer in range 0-23!" if the user attempts to enter any integer outside of this range. Awesome!

{% hint style="info" %}
You should only use one **`else`** statement at the end of a sequence of **`if`** and **`elif`** statements.
{% endhint %}

{% hint style="info" %}
If the user inputs a value that can't be converted into an integer, an error will be thrown by the program!
{% endhint %}


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